What does 'Atman' represent in Hindu philosophy?

In Hindu philosophy, 'Atman' refers to the individual soul or self. It is considered the true essence of an individual, representing the spiritual core that transcends physical existence. The concept of Atman is central to understanding one's identity beyond the body and mind, emphasizing the distinction between the transient aspects of life and the eternal, unchanging self.

The notion of Atman is significant as it connects deeply with the teachings of liberation and self-realization in Hinduism. It suggests that every individual possesses this divine essence, which is ultimately identical to Brahman, the universal spirit or consciousness. The realization of this connection is a fundamental aspect of spiritual awakening in Hindu belief.

While universal consciousness, karma, and moksha are key concepts in Hinduism, they are distinct from Atman. Universal consciousness relates to the collective awareness, karma pertains to the law of cause and effect governing one's actions, and moksha stands for the liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth. Understanding Atman helps learners grasp the deeper philosophical discussions of identity, purpose, and the nature of existence in Hindu thought.